Investigating the Prevalence of Calcium Deficiency and Some of its Influencing Factors in Pregnant Women and their Neonates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22100/jkh.v7i1.117Keywords:
Calcium, vitamin D, neonates, Pregnant Women.Abstract
Introduction: Calcium (Ca) is one of the important nutrients during pregnancy. Ca and vitamin D deficiency have irreparable effects on fetal bone growth and development and on the health of pregnant women. This study investigated the effect of serum Ca and vitamin D metabolite and some of its influencing factors on pregnant women and their neonates in Shahroud.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 pregnant women who referred to Fatimiyeh Hospital in Shahroud. In this study, in addition to collecting demographic data, samples of maternal and cord blood were taken, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Ca and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistical tests and correlation tests. The level of significance for all tests was 0.05.
Results: The mean (±standard deviation) age of women was 26.62±5.32 years. Ca deficiency was observed in 33.5% of mothers and in 25% of neonates. There was a significant relationship between maternal Ca level and neonate cord blood Ca (P>0.001, r= 0.25). There were no significant relationships between maternal Ca level and mother’s age (P=0.69), birth weight (P=0.67), the number of pregnancy (P=0.35) and serum levels of vitamin D (P=0.23).
Conclusion: With regard to the high prevalence of Ca and vitamin D deficiency which was found in this study, and the detrimental effects this might have on the health of mothers and neonates, we suggest, in addition to using Ca and vitamin D supplements by pregnant women, appropriate health training also be provided to mothers to promote suitable nutrition and encourage greater exposure to sunlight.
References
Rafraf M, Bazyun B, Ghaemmaghami J. Relationship of body mass index with daily calcium intake, and physical activity in childbearing age women. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2010;32(5):37-42.
Karandish M, Jazayeri A, Michaelsen KF, Molgaard C, Rashidi A, Mohammadpour Ahranjani B, et al. Does supplementation with calcium during pregnancy affect the mineral concentration in mature breast-milk? International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (IJEM) 2007;5(4):134-41.
Khoramroudi R, Norouzi A, Jamand T, Tahmasebi R, Akaberian SH, Hefzollah A. Comparative study of calcium efficacy and placebo on leg muscle cramps during pregnancy in patients referred to clinics supervised by bushehr university of medical sciences. Iranian South Medical Journal (ISMJ) 2011;14(3):185-92.
Kovacs CS. Calcium and bone metabolism in pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001;86(6):2344-8.
Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202(5):421-9.
Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):520-28.
Specker B. Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(6):1740-7.
Prentice A. Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn. J Nutr 2003;133(5):1693-9.
Sabour H, Hossein-Nezhad A, Maghbooli Zh, Larijani B. Effects of vitamin D and calcium intake on serum bone markers at delivery. J Reprod Infertil 2007;8(2):135-41.
Cavalier E, Delanaye P, Morreale A, Carlisi A, Mourad I, Chapelle JP,, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in recently pregnant women. Rev Med Liege. 2008;63(2):87-91.
Reichrath J, Querings K. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy: a risk factor not only for fetal growth and bone metabolism but also for correct development of the fetal immune system? Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(5):1177-8.
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin d deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(9):3517-22.
Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Rashidi M, Rahimi-Saghand S, Jafari F. Maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Clin Pract 2010;25(5):524-7.
McCarthy R, Harrison G, McCallion N, Molloy E. Relationship between vitamin D and alkaline phosphatase in very-low-birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009;94(1):77-8.
Ainy E, Mirmiran P, Mirsaied Ghazi AA, Mohammadi F, Azizi F. Daily intake and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D during normal pregnancy. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ) 2005;9(1):16-20.
Ward LM. Vitamin D deficiency in the 21st century: a persistent problem among Canadian infants and mothers. CMAJ 2005;172(6):769-70.
Sachan A, Gupta R, Das V, Agarwal A, Awasthi PK, Bhatia V. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(5):1060-4.
Judkins A, Eagleton C. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant New Zealand women. N Z Med J 2006;119(1241):U2144.
Van der Meer IM, Karamali NS, Boeke AJ, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ, Verhoeven I, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(2):350-3.
Karim SA, Nusrat U, Aziz S. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their newborns as seen at a tertiary-care center in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011;112(1):59-62.
Pawley N, Bishop NJ. Prenetal and infant predictors of bone health: the influence of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(6):1748-51.
Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Roberts JM. High prevalence of vitamin d insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern united states and their neonates. J Nutr 2007;137(2):447-52.
Bowyer L, Catling-Paull C, Diamond T, Homer C, Davis G, Craig ME. Vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;70(3):372-7.
Nicolaidou P, Hatzistamatiou Z, Papadopoulou A, Kaleyias J, Floropoulou E, Lagona E, et al. Low vitamin D status in mother-newborn pairs in Greece. Calcif Tissue Int 2006;78(6):337-42.
Maghboli Zh, Hossein Nezhad A, Shafaei A, Karimi F, Madani FS, Larijani B. Vitamin D status in pregnant women and their newborns. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 2006;11(3):64-73.
Kazemi A, Sharifi F, Jafari N, Mousavinasab N. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18(6):835-9.
Salek M, Hashemipour M, Aminorroaya A, Gheiratmand A, Kelishadi R, Ardestani PM, et al. Vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in Isfahan, Iran. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2008;116(6):352-6.
Liew YL, Mann D, Piterman L. Osteoporosis risks. A comparative study of Asian Australian and Caucasion Australian women. Aust Fam Physician 2002;31(3):291-3.
Kasper MG, Peterson MG, Allegrante JP, Galsworthy TD, Gutin B. Knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among college women concerning the prevention of osteoporosis. Arch Fam Med 1994;3(8):696-702.
Ainy E, Mirsaeed Ghazi A, Mirmiran P, Mirbolooki M, Azizi F. Changes in calcium, vitamin D, and other biochemical factors during pregnancy. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003;5(1):45-51.
Shahsavari Esfahani S, Mosallanezhad L. Twenty four hour calcium intake in women aged over 45 years old in Gahrom. 8th ed. Proceeding of 8th Iranian Congress of Nutrition;2004;Tehran, Iran.p.355-356.
Salek M, Rafati H, Hashemipour M, Memar Ardestani P, Nezhadnik H, Amini M, et al. Is vitamin D deficiency prevalent in healthy 6-yearold children in isfahan city? Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2007;25(85):95-103.
Brooke OG, Brown IR, Cleeve HJ, Sood A. Observations on the vitamin D state of pregnant Asian women in London. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:18-26.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
