Predicting the Amount and Direction of Blood Pressure Change after Aerobic Training and Detraining in Sedentary Midlife Men
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22100/jkh.v10i2.545Keywords:
Blood pressure, Exercise training, Responding direction, PredictionAbstract
Introduction: Considering the likelihood of uncommon blood pressure adaptations with exercise training and detraining observed in some individual, it seems the standard exercise prescriptions needs to be reconsidered. Therefore, the prediction of the future blood pressure responses to exercise and detraining is warranted.
Methods: 70 sedentary volunteer midlife men with mild hypertension randomized were divided into experimental (Ex) and control groups. The Ex subjects participated in aerobic training (walking/running) program (24 sessions (3/wk) at 60 to 70% of maximum heart rate,MHR) 40 min per session; followed by 2 weeks of detraining. The data were analyzed using pearson correlation and chi-square goodness of fit, kappa, paired samples t and ANOVA tests.
Results: The direction of mean atrial pressure (MAP) changes in adaptation with both training and detraining periods were not similar in the Ex subjects so that some have experienced good response(GR), some have no response (NR) and some other even experienced bad response (BR). Although all of the metabolic risks values had significant differences during the study, however; only a significant change was observed in Zmets value (P<0.05) in the GR subjects. Moreover, both GR and BR subjects had more metabolic risk counts and also upper Zmets at baseline. The baseline MAP, age, BMI, plasma HDL and LDL were recognized as the predictors of MAP changes in adaptation with training.
Conclusion: All metabolic risk factors are important in predicting the direction of MAP response to training, however; participation in aerobic exercise would not possibly leads to bad responding in those with high metabolic risk factors. However, more research remains to be done because of a little body of evidence is available.
References
Pescatello L, Franklin B, Fagard R, Farquhar W, Kelley G, Ray C. Exercise and hypertension: American college of sports medicine position stand. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:533-53.
Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association. Circulation 2007;116:1081.
Churilla JR, Ford ES. Comparing physical activity patterns of hypertensive and nonhypertensive US adults. American Journal of Hypertension 2010;23:987-93.
Hagberg JM, Brown MD. Does exercise training play a role in the treatment of essential hypertension? Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 1995;2:296-302.
Moker EA. The relation between the blood pressure response to exercise during training and detraining periods. Master's Theses, 2013:435.
Meredith IT, Jennings GL, Esler MD, Dewar EM, Bruce AM, Fazio VA, et al. Time-course of the antihypertensive and autonomic effects of regular endurance exercise in human subjects. Journal of Hypertension 1990;8:859-66.
Murray A, Delaney T, Bell C. Rapid onset and offset of circulatory adaptations to exercise training in men. Journal of Human Hypertension 2006;20:193-200.
Bouchard C, Blair SN, Church TS, Earnest CP, Hagberg JM, Häkkinen K, et al. Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: Is it a rare or common occurrence? PLoS One 2012;7:e37887.
Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American heart association council on high blood pressure research. Circulation 2005;111:697-716.
Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Rashidi A, Meysamie A, Haghazali M, Asgari F, et al. Association between physical activity and insulin resistance in Iranian adults: National surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007). Preventive medicine 2009;49:402-6.
Babaei P, Damirchi A, Alamdari KA. Effects of endurance training and detraining on serum bdnf and memory performance in middle aged males with metabolic syndrome. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2013;15:37-47.
Bateman LA, Slentz CA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Piner LW, Bales CW, et al. Comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic syndrome (from the Studies of a targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise-Strride-AT/RT). The American Journal of Cardiology 2011;108:838-44.
Damirchi A, Tehrani BS, Alamdari KA, Babaei P. Influence of aerobic training and detraining on serum bdnf, insulin resistance, and metabolic risk factors in middle-aged men diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2014;1:1-6.
Pescatello LS, Kulikowich JM. The aftereffects of dynamic exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33:1855-61.
Hagberg JM, Park J-J, Brown MD. The role of exercise training in the treatment of hypertension. Sports Medicine 2000;30:193-206.
Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2007;14:12-7.
Molmen-Hansen HE, Stolen T, Tjonna AE, Aamot IL, Ekeberg IS, Tyldum GA, et al. Aerobic interval training reduces blood pressure and improves myocardial function in hypertensive patients. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2012;19:151-60. 18. Manfredini F, Malagoni AM, Mandini S, Boari B, Felisatti M, Zamboni P, et al. Sport therapy for hypertension: why, how, and how much? Angiology 2009;60:207-16.
Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33:S446-51.
Franklin SS. Hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2006;4:287-98.
Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E-I, Hashimoto H, Nagai R, Yamakado M. Hypertension is the most common component of metabolic syndrome and the greatest contributor to carotid arteriosclerosis in apparently healthy Japanese individuals. Hypertension Research 2005;28:27-34.
Duvnjak L, Bulum T, Metelko Z. Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia Croatica 2008;37:83-9.
Cavelaars M, Tulen JH, Van Bemmel JH, Mulder PG, Van Den Meiracker AH. Haemodynamic responses to physical activity and body posture during everyday life. Journal of Hypertension 2004;22:89-96.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
