بررسي غلظت کادمیوم و کروم در شير مادر

Tripathi RM, Raghunath R, Sastry VN, Krishnamoorthy TM. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. The Science of the Total Environment 1999;227:229-235.

Ursinyova M, Masanova V. Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia. Food Addit Contam 2005;22(6):579-589.

Wappelhorst O, Kuhn I, Heidenreich H, Markert B. Transfer of selected elements from food into human milk. Nutrition 2002;18(4):316-322.

Koizumi N, Murata K, Hayashi C, Nishio H, Goji J. High cadmium accumulation among humans and primates: comparison across mammalian species-A study from Japan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;121(3):205-214.

Gundacker C, Pietschnig B, Wittmann KJ, Lischka A, Salzer H, Hohenauer L, Schuster E. Lead and mercury in breast milk. Pediatrics 2002;110:873-878.

Abballe A, Ballard TJ, Dellatte E, Domenico A, Ferri F, Fulgenzi AR, et al. Persistent environmental contaminants in human milk: Concentrations and time trends in Italy. Chemosphere 2008;73:S220–S227.

Prohaska T, KoÈllensperger G, Krachler M, De Winne K, Stingedera G, Moens L. Determination of trace elements in human milk by inductively coupled plasma sector eld mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 2000;15:335-340.

Birghila S, Dobrinas S, Stanciu G, Soceanu A. Determination of major and minor elements in milk through ICP-AES. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2008;7(6):805-808.

Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns D. Tietz Text Book of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders;2006.

WHO. Environmental health criteria, inorganic lead, organic lead, Geneva;1995.p.165.

Patriarca M, Menditto A, Rossi B, Lyon TDB, Fell GS. Environmental exposure to metals of newborns, infants and young children. Microchemical Journal 2000;67:351-361.

Wertz W. Health evaluation of heavy metals in infant formula and junior food. Berlin; E. Schmidt and A. Hildebrand, Springer 1983:47.

Krachler M, Shi Li F, Rossipal E, Irgolic KJ. Changes in the concentrations of trace elements in human milk during lactation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1998;12:159.

Krachler M, Rossipal E, Micetic-Turk D. Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn: investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53(6):486-494.

Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S L, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, SpongCY. Williams Obstetrics: 23rd ed. McGraw-Hill.2010.

Rahimi E, Hashemi M, Torki Baghbadorani Z. Determination of cadmium and lead in human milk. Int J Environ Sci Tech 2009;6(4):671-676.

Kippler M, Lönnerdal B, Goessler W, Ekström EC, Arifeen Sh E, Vahter M. Cadmium interacts with the transport of essential micronutrients in the mammary gland- A study in rural Bangladeshi women. Toxicology 2009;257:64–69.

Al-salehI, Shinwari N, Mashhour A. Heavy metal concentrations in the breast Milk of saudi women. Biological Trace Element Research 2003;96:21-37.

Leotsinidis M, Alexopoulos A, Kostopoulou-Farri E. Toxic and essential trace elements in human milk from Greek lactating women: Association with dietary habits and other factors. Chemosphere 2005;61(2):238-247.

Frkovic A, Kras M, Alebic-Juretic A. Lead and cadmium content in human milk from the Northern Adriatic area of Croatia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1997;58(1):16-21.

Florea T, Orban Huszti S, Costin M. Heavy metal contaminats in milk and cheese. The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galti-2006;Fascicle VI- Food Tecnology:26-32.

WHO/IAEA. World Health Organization and International Atomic Energy Organization, Minor and trace elements in breast milk. 1989. (Geneva: WHO).

Kondyli E, Katsiari MC, Voutsinas LP. Variation of vitamin and mineral contents in naw goat milk of the indigenous Greek breed during lactation. Food chemistry 2007;100:226-230.

Phol P, Prusisz B. Determination of Ca, Mg, Fe, Cd, Cr and Zn pantitioning in UHT cow milks by two-columnion exchange and flam atomic absorbtion spectrometry determination. Talanta 2007;71:715-721.

Park YW. Comparison of mineral and Cholestrol composition of different commercial goat milk products manufactured in USA. Small Ruminant Research 2000;37:115-124.

Kina CS, Maihana VA. Determination of major and minor element in dainr products through inductively coupted plasma optical emission spectrometry after wet partial digestion and neutron activation analysis. Food chemistry 2007;100:390-395.

Nogueira Rita de Araujo A, Mockiuti F, Batista de Souza G, Primavesi O. Flow injection spectrophotometric catalytic determination of iodine in milk. Analytical Sciencis 1998;14:559.

Cava-Montesinos P, Ródenas-Torralba E, Morales-Rubio A, Cervera M L, de la Guardia M. Cold vapour atomic fluorescence determination of mercury in milk by slurry sampling using multicommutation. Analytica Chimica Acta 2004;506:145-153.

Munoz E, Palmero S. Determination of heavy metals in milk by potentiometric stripping analysis using a home-made flow cell. Food Control 2004;15:635-641.

Medvedeva VI. Doklady akademii nauk belorusskaya 1966. SSR 10, 98-100. Cited: Chemical Abstracts 203 16.

Carter JP, Katab A, Abd-El-Hadi K, Davis JT, El Gholmy A, Patwardhan VN. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1968;21:195-202.

Hambidge KM. In newer trace elements in nutrition 1971. New York: Marcel Dekker.p.169-194.

Casey CE. Proceedings of the University of Otago Medical School 1976;54:7-8.

KumpulainenJ T, Vuori E, Makinen S, Kara R. British Journal of Nutrition 1980;44:257-263.

Casey CE, Hambidge KM. Chromium in human milk from American mothers. British Journal of Nutrition 1984;52:13-71.

Casey CE, Hambidge KM, Neville MC. Studies in human lactation: zinc, copper, manganese and chromium in human milk in the first month of lactation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41: JUNE 1985:1193-1200.

Krachler M, Prohaska T, Koellensperger G, Rossipal E, Stingeder G. Concentrations of selected trace elements in human milk and in infant formulas determined by magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Biological Trace Element Research 2000;76:97-102.

Rivero FA, Fernández ML, Sanz-Medel A. The potential of double focusing-ICP-MS for studying elemental distribution patterns in whole milk, skimmed milk and milk whey of different milks. Analytica Chimica Acta 2001;442:191- 200.

Sola-Larrañaga C, Navarro-Blasco I. Chromium content in different kinds of spanish infant formulae and estimation of dietary intake by infants fed on reconstituted powder formulae. Food Additives and Contaminants 2006;23(11):1157-1168.

Sternowsky HJ, Wessolowski R. Lead and cadmium in breast milk. Higher levels in urban vs rural mothers during the first 3 months of lactation. Arch Toxicol 1985;57(1):41-45.

Honda R, Tawara K, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Tanebe K, Saito S. Cadmium exposure and trace elements in human breast milk. Toxicology 2003;186:255-259.

Rydzewska A, Krol I. Content of zinc, copper and cadmium in milk in mild of women living in Poznan. Ginekol Pol 1996;67(3):125-128.

Sikorski R, Paszkowski T, Radomanski Jr T, Szkoda J. Cadmium contamination of early human milk. Gynecol Obster Inves 1989;27(2):91-93.

Hallen IP, Jorhem L, Lagerkvist BJ, Oskarson A. Lead and cadmium levels in human milk and blood. Sci Total Environ 1995; 166(1-3):149-155.

Turan S, Saygi S, Kiliç Z, Orhan A. Determination of heavy metal contents in human colostrum samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2001;47(2):81-85.

Younes B, Al-Meshari AA, Al-Hakeem A, Al-Saleh S, Al-Zamel F, Al-Shammari F, Alwarthan A. Lead concentration in breast milk of nursing mothers living in Riyadh. Ann. Saudi Med 1995;15(3); 249-251.

Drasch G, Aigner S, Roider G, Staiger F, Lipowsky G. Mercury in human colostrums and early breast milk. Its dependence on dental amalgam and other factors. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1998;12(1): 23-27.

Radisch B, Luck W, Nau H. Cadmium concentrations in milk and blood of smoking mothers. Toxicol Lett 1987;36:147-152.

Eynon GR, McKenzie-Parnell JM, Robinson MF. Cadmium in non-smoking New Zealand women immediately following child birth. Proceedings of the University of Otego Medical School 1985;63: 38-40.

Nishijo M, Satarug S, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Aoshima K. The gender differences in health effects of environmental cadmium exposure and potential mechanisms. Mol Cell Biochem 2004;255:87-92.

Elinder CG. Cadmium: uses, occurrence, and intake. In: Friberg L, Elinder CG, Kjellstrom T, Nordberg GF, editors. Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal - Exposure, Dose and Metabolism. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1985:23-64.

Willers S, Attewell R, Bensryd I, Schutz A, Skarping G, Vahter M. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household and urinary cotinine excretion, heavy metals retention, and lung function. Arch Environ Health 1992;47(5):357-363.

Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vahter M. Health effects of cadmium exposure: a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health 1998;24:1-51.